Ivor Armstrong Richards was a British poet and scholar. He was the pioneer in the domain of New Criticism. He was an English educator His works are:
1. The Meaning of Meaning – 1923
2. The Principles of Literary Criticism – 1924
3. The Practical Criticism – 1929.
He mainly talks about four kinds of misunderstanding:
1.Misunderstanding of the sense of poetry: Careless, Intuitive reading
2.Over-Literal reading: prosaic reading
3.Defective scholarship; inappropriate metaphor
4. Difference in meaning of words in poetry and prose (personification, Metaphors, etc.....)
His practical approach gave new path to literary criticism. In his methodology, a lot of importance is given to the words. He believed that poet writes to communicate and language is the means of that communication. Language is made of words and words carry four kinds of meaning: Sense, Feelings, Tone and Intention.
According to I.A.Richards language can be used in two ways, scientific use of language and the emotive one. Language of poetry is purely emotive, in its original primitive state. This language affects feelings. Hence we must avoid intuitive and over literal reading of poems. Words in poetry have an emotive value, and the figurative language used by poets conveys those emotions effectively and forcefully.
According to Indian poetics theory more important is RASA pioneer of this theory believe that emotion is more important than meaning or method of poetry or any Literary elements विभावानुभाव व्यभिचारि संयोगात् रसनिषयतिः।
Emotions are whole we can't define properly, emotion can Divateble not finish.
Here I have done verbal analysis of Bollywood song: Ye Shaam Mastani…
ये शाम मस्तानी, मदहोश किये जाये
मुझे डोर कोई खींचे, तेरी ओर लिये जाये
दूर रहती है तू, मेरे पास आती नहीं
होठों पे तेरे, कभी प्यास आती नहीं
ऐसा लगे, जैसे कि तू, हँसके ज़हर कोई पिये जाये
शाम मस्तानी ...
बात जब मैं करूँ, मुझे रोक देती है क्यों
तेरी मीठी नज़र, मुझे टोक देती है क्यों
तेरी हया, तेरी शरम, तेरी क़सम मेरे होंठ सिये जाये
शाम मस्तानी ...
एक रुठी हुई, तक़दीर जैसे कोई
खामोश ऐसे है तू, तस्वीर जैसे कोई
तेरी नज़र, बनके ज़ुबाँ, लेकिन तेरे पैग़ाम दिये जाये
ये शाम मस्तानी, मदहोश किये जाये
मुझे डोर कोई खींचे, तेरी ओर लिये जाये.
This is song of movie 'Katti Patang' this song sing by well known singer Kishor kumaar protagonist sing this song for his beloved or we can see like one side love here I am discussing Kishor kumaar version with star cast Rajesh Khanna and Aashaa Parekh.
Basically, this song represent the situation of beloved in evening. This song represents the inner emotion of beloved. As we know that evening is oftenly used as metaphor for expressing the feeling of love. This song represents the powerful feelings of love in the heart of lovers due to evening mood. And their feelings become so powerful and they feel like that their heart put on fire because of such emotions of love.
There are some metaphors in this song like simple rope how can strech man, how the any human can drink position with smiley face It almost seems as nonsensical. Here we can find exaggeration of language. In this song there is a line, which is repeated in the song.
एक रुठी हुई, तक़दीर जैसे कोई
खामोश ऐसे है तू, तस्वीर जैसे कोई
तेरी नज़र, बनके ज़ुबाँ, लेकिन तेरे पैग़ाम दिये जाये.
In this line or stanza speakers connected woman with one photo frame this metaphor use or eyes never speak how it gives letter and person this also interesting or in criticism this is meaningless but if we compare with Rasa theory the song give as pleasure emotion to listener.
This is another song in Bollywood use the metaphor or meaningless.
तेरे बिना ज़िन्दगी से कोई शिकवा तो नहीं, शिकवा नहीं शिकवा नहीं, शिकवा नहीं तेरे बिना ज़िन्दगी भी लेकिन ज़िन्दगी तो नहीं, ज़िन्दगी नहीं ज़िन्दगी नहीं, ज़िन्दगी नहीं
तेरे बिना ज़िन्दगी से कोई शिकवा तो नहीं.. (काश ऐसा हो तेरे क़दमों से चुन के मंज़िल चलें और कहीं दूर कहीं) x 2 तुम गर साथ हो मंज़िलों की कमी तो नहीं तेरे बिना ज़िन्दगी से कोई शिकवा तो नहीं, शिकवा नहीं, शिकवा नहीं, शिकवा नहीं
(जी में आता है,
तेरे दामन में सर छुपा के हम रोते रहें, रोते रहें) x 2 तेरी भी आँखों में आँसुओं की नमी तो नहीं तेरे बिना ज़िन्दगी से कोई शिकवा तो नहीं, शिकवा नहीं शिकवा नहीं, शिकवा नहीं तेरे बिना ज़िन्दगी भी लेकिन ज़िन्दगी तो नहीं, ज़िन्दगी नहीं, ज़िन्दगी नहीं, ज़िन्दगी नहीं
(तुम जो कह दो तो आज की रात चाँद डूबेगा नहीं रात को रोक लो) x 2 रात की बात है और ज़िन्दगी बाकी तो नहीं तेरे बिना ज़िन्दगी से कोई शिकवा तो नहीं, शिकवा नहीं शिकवा नहीं, शिकवा नहीं
तेरे बिना ज़िन्दगी से कोई शिकवा तो नहीं, शिकवा नहीं शिकवा नहीं, शिकवा नहीं तेरे बिना ज़िन्दगी भी लेकिन ज़िन्दगी तो नहीं, ज़िन्दगी नहीं ज़िन्दगी नहीं, ज़िन्दगी नहीं
तेरे बिना ज़िन्दगी से कोई शिकवा तो नहीं, शिकवा नहीं शिकवा नहीं, शिकवा नहीं तेरे बिना ज़िन्दगी भी लेकिन ज़िन्दगी तो नहीं, ज़िन्दगी नहीं ज़िन्दगी नहीं, ज़िन्दगी नहीं
This is song of movie Aandhi two legend singer sing this song Lata mangeshakar and Kishore Kumaar this is interesting love story this song devoted lover who are depart by circumstances there are many metaphor or meaningless lines in this song. Let's discuss..
तेरे बिना ज़िन्दगी से कोई शिकवा तो नहीं, शिकवा नहीं शिकवा नहीं, शिकवा नहीं तेरे बिना ज़िन्दगी भी लेकिन ज़िन्दगी तो नहीं, ज़िन्दगी नहीं ज़िन्दगी नहीं, ज़िन्दगी नहीं
This line speaker speak if your not in my life it's ok no objection but my life is not ok my life is not life for me this is two meaningless line if they in your life you feel alone but speak like I am happy.
तुम जो कह दो तो आज की रात चाँद डूबेगा नहीं रात को रोक लो रात की बात है और ज़िन्दगी बाकी तो नहीं
They speak if my love said I will stop morning never let down moon that is impossible or meaningless thing anyone not able to stop morning. Word does not make any sense but give the reader or listeners pleasure also this song have great rhythm and also it is deal with Dhvani, Vakrokti, Rasa, Ornaments many metaphor.
I am concluding with western theory is applied in this song is meaningless or if we applied indian poetics this song have Rasa, Alavar, Vakrokti, Dhvani, Riti, Achotiya everything in this song.
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