Practical Criticism

Criticism-IAR Practical Criticism Reading Criticism

Hello readers, 

                      In this blog part of Criticism paper Activity this poem I am trying to criticize this poem. 

मुझे रावण जैसा भाई चाहिए !

गर्भवती माँ ने बेटी से पूछा

क्या चाहिए तुझे? बहन या भाई

बेटी बोली भाई

माँ - किसके जैसा? बेटी ने गर्व से

रावण सा, माँ ने जवाब दिया

क्या बकती है? पिता ने धमकाया

'माँ ने घूरा, गाली देती है

बेटी बोली, क्यूँ माँ?

बहन के अपमान पर राज्य

वंश और प्राण लुटा देने वाला

शत्रु स्त्री को हरने के बाद भी

स्पर्श न करने वाला

रावण जैसा भाई ही तो

हर लड़की को चाहिए आज

छाया जैसी साथ निभाने वाली

गर्भवती निर्दोष पत्नी को त्यागने वाले

मर्यादा पुरषोत्तम सा भाई

लेकर क्या करुँगी मैं?

और माँ

अग्नि परीक्षा चौदह बरस वनवास और

अपहरण से लांछित बहु की क़तर आहें

तुम कब तक सुनोगी और

कब तक राम को ही जन्मोगी

माँ सिसक रही थी - पिता आवाक था

.....

Shintsie Kumar

Ram and Ravan was use as metaphor in poem there are form as a dialogue in this poem challenging metaphor Ram seen as a positive way Ravan seen as a negative way we seen but poem was different way with positive way of Ravan. 

In Ramayana Ravan is the villian but one girl wants brother like Ravan he was fight for her sister Ram was the god of Hinduism or Maryaada purushottam but Ravan and their brothers more love their sister. Girl very calmly and clearly said about that woman rights as a hero of over society Ram. People wants to son like Ram but girls want to brother like Ravan. Brother wants brother they want brother like Lakshman he give his life and everything his brother on the other hand they don't want brother like Vibhishan they want brother Kumbhakarn they want son like Indrajeet but they always appreciate Ram. 

भाई नहीं गुरुर है, मेरा मेरी हर जिद्द 

को पुरा करे, वो जिनी है मेरा.

There is one blog to relate this poem in this blog writer give the information about event relate with Ravan and her sister give the Mythology event first read all of them and then demand brother like Ravan. 

एक बार इन कलयुगी लिबरल शूर्पणखाओं को हृदय से धन्यवाद है कि उन्होंने अपने लिबरल होने का पूरा कर्तव्य निभाया है. सो हे शूर्पणखाओं, यदि आपका यह भगवान से निवेदन फाइनल है तो आपकी ओर से आपकी प्रार्थना का एक्सटेंशन हम भी भगवान से करना चाहते हैं.

हे भगवान ऐसी शूर्पणखाओं को जल्द ही रांड़ अर्थात विधवा कर देना. अब चूँकि रांड़ (विधवा) होने के साथ लिबरल भी हैं तो निश्चय ही इनका दिल अपनी सहेली, परिचित अथवा अन्य हॉट डूड पर आयेगा. वो नहीं तो उसका भाई भी सही. तो हे भगवान, ऐसी हालत में इनकी नाक जरुर काटना. फिर जब इनका भाई अपने ही भाई (जो कि इनका भी भाई होगा) की बहू से बलात्कार करे तो इन्हें फ्रीडम ऑफ़ एक्सप्रेशन का जश्न मनाने का मौका भी देना. फिर जब कूल डूड की बीवी को इनका भाई उठा लाये तो इनके पूरे परिवार की कुटाई कूल डूड के दोस्त जानवरों जैसे करें, ऐसी मेरी कामना है. फिर इनके रावण जैसे भाई का सफाया कूल डूड जरुर करे. पर इतना मान रखना भगवान कि कूल डूड की पत्नी का शील हरण होने से बचा लेना.

सो हे लिबरल शूर्पणखाओं, अपने व्हाट्सएप से मिले ज्ञान से आगे भी दुनिया देखना. मेरा आशय रावण और शूर्पणखा के बारे में सही साहित्य पढ़ने का है. यदि अपने जैसे लिबरल लेखकों का लिखा पढ़ोगी तो फिर से रावण जैसा भाई ही मांगोगी.

आपकी जानकारी के लिए बताना चाहता हूँ कि रावण ने स्वयं अपनी बहन शूर्पणखा के पति की हत्या की थी. रावण ने ही अपने भाई कुबेर के पुत्र नलकूबर की वधु रम्भा अर्थात अपनी पुत्रवधु के साथ बलात्कार किया था जिसके कारण उसे शाप मिला था कि वह यदि किसी भी अन्य स्त्री के साथ बलात्कार की चेष्ठा करेगा तो उसके सर के सात टुकड़े हो जायेंगे और तत्काल उसकी मृत्यु हो जाएगी. आपकी आइडियल शूर्पणखा ने रावण से सीता के रूप का बखान करते हुए उसे परामर्श दिया था कि वह हर तरह से रावण की पत्नी बनने योग्य थी. रावण सीता को ले तो आया था किन्तु शाप के भय से सीता से बलपूर्वक अनिष्ट नहीं कर पाया था लेकिन लगातार सीता माता को प्रलोभन देता रहा था कि यदि सीता उससे विवाह के लिए तैयार हो जाये तो वह उन्हें पटरानी बना देगा और आपकी भाभी मंदोदरी सहित बाकी रानियों को सीता की दासी बना कर रखेगा.

सो हे लिबरल शूर्पणखाओं, यदि अब भी रावण जैसा भाई भगवान से मांगो तो मेरी प्रार्थना बोनस के रूप में जोड़ कर ही माँगना. आगे आपकी इच्छा.

चलते चलते : इन तथ्यों के बारे में ज्ञान व्हाट्सएप से शायद ही मिल पायेगा. मेरी इच्छा आपकी जिज्ञासा शांत करने की भी नहीं है इसलिए मूल कथाओं की लिंक भी नहीं भेजना चाहता. यदि मन हो तो स्वयं ढूँढना और फिर सोचना कि भाई रावण जैसा चाहिए या लक्ष्मण, भरत या शत्रुघ्न सा.

(Source:Speaking Tree. In by. Ravi Kant) 

    

The Understanding the Zeitgeist

The Understanding the Zeitgeist of the 20th century From Moderntimes to the era of Great Dictator

Hello readers, 

                      In study 20th century we seen two movies by Charlie Chaplin 'The modern times' and 'The Great Dictator' to relate the time of century and events and effect of the time as a part of academic activities I am trying to connect some effect of that time. 

Modern Times is a 1936 American silent comedy film written and directed by Charlie Chaplin in which his iconic Little Tramp character struggles to survive in the modern, industrialized world. The film is a commentary on the desperate employment and financial conditions many people faced during the Great Depression — conditions created, in Chaplin's view, by the efficiencies of modern industrialization. The movie stars Chaplin, Paulette Goddard, Henry Bergman, Tiny Sandford and Chester Conklin. It is notable for being the last time that Chaplin portrayed the Tramp character and for being the first time Chaplin's voice is heard on film.

“Modern Times” is Chaplin’s self-conscious valedictory to the pantomime of silent film he had pio-neered and nurtured into one of the great art forms of the twentieth century. Although technically a sound film, very little of the soundtrack to “Modern Times” contains dialogue. The soundtrack is primarily Chaplin’s own musical score and sound effects, as well as a performance of a song by the Tramp in gib-berish. This remarkable performance marks the only time the Tramp ever spoke. Chaplin resisted talking pictures in part because the Tramp’s silence made him understood around the world. However, with the gibberish song, Chaplin ingeniously makes the state-ment that talking in any one language is meaningless in all others, while at the same time allowing the Tramp to “speak” in a way that is universally under-stood. It was the Tramp’s swan song.Chaplin retired the character with“Modern Times.”The genesis of “Modern Times” is rooted in Chaplin’

Industrialization

In 20th century there is mass production of factory and labour and death of craftsmanship like clothes, shoes. Not only 20th century now days also people want branded clothes and prefer factory made in equality in people. In this movie we can see Charlie was factory worker and movie start with sheep and second image crowd of people like sheeple. 

Factories and mills were being equipped with new inventions of technology and machines were occupying the human jobs. Due to this unemployment, many people were roaming like sheep without direction. One term is used for one such generation: Lost generation. A word can be used for those people: Sheeple.

Owners and worker have great difference there are like mosquito drink blood of worker everytime mill and factory owners, land owners had nothing to do with much of the hardworking jobs. So they indulge in such leisure activities such as solving jigsaw puzzle and reading newspaper. One more thing can be seen here which is education. Educated people use the resources around them and make more money from brain power. The factory owner is playing puzzle game which is a mindful activity just like playing chess. This difference of mental activity done by rich class aristocrats and physical activity and hardwork done by lower class or poor people makes big social gap between the two classes.

Mechanical life:

 

In industrial revolution people having Mechanical life in 'The Modern Times' Charlie Chaplin give us many examples to relate with that human work with machine and they become a part of machine in this movie one eating machine came to give demo to owner because worker spend some time for lunch and machine stop for some times. Owner wants to worker only work. machinations of factories left humans as nut and bolts of machine. For technology, humans are nothing but spare parts. Monotonous job of fitting the bolts on assembly line suggest the mundanity of humansOverload of work can make one mad. In order to increase the production in factory, the owner commands to increase the speed of assembly line. This can be seen as today's context that when one has too much load of work, one does overtime in duty in job, and it results in insomnia and imbalance in social relations.

Rich and Poor Divided

Rich and Poor Divided in the society in the movie we see poor became more poorer and Rich became more richer orphan protagonist became thief for food she find shelter for them they are Continuesly find food Charlie get job in departmental store and they enjoy their shelter. Rich first class people having aristocratic life woman with dog home disturbing concept see in this era lifestyle improve on rich people but poor not have home. Poor dream to live happy life with love, food, home money. 

At the end of the movie they can give hope to audience. 

The Great Dictator:

The double role of Charlie Chaplin makes significant mark in the film. People think that Hynkel is making a speech but it is barber who is giving a remarkable note on liberty and equality. All have equal rights to live peaceful life and earn good wages. No discrimination should take place where all humans are treated equally. Overuse of technology and machines can lead a nations to war and destruction. Humans become a small spare part of machines and become senseless and robotic. This can dehumanize the entire society and then entire world.

Such is the timelessness of Charlie Chaplin's work. It is still relevant to the current time and applicable in many aspects of life.

If we seen bollywood movie and web series many are connected with the time of national how the smuggling play vital role of society and the Gundaraj of the India how the politian support them there some examples of movie and web series how that capturing the today time of india. 

Mirzapur is an Indian Hindi-language action crime thriller webseries on Amazon Prime video created by Karan Anshumaan, who wrote the script along with Puneet Krishna & Vineet Krishna. Anshuman directed the first season of the series, along with Gurmmeet Singh and Mihit Desai, who also directed the second season of the series. The series is produced by Rithesh Sidhwani and Farhan Akhtar of Excel Entertainment. The series is Amazon Prime Video's third Indian original after inside Edge and Breath.

The story follows the rule of Akhandanand Tripathi (Pankaj Tripathi), also known as Kaleen Bhaiya, the mafia don and proverbial ruler of Mirzapur in the Purvanchal region of Uttar pradesh. This webseries lead with smuggling of Afeem and the politics of the area how the powerful people control everything and they murder everyone without reason. 

This blog discussions on Modern times movie we also seen the smuggling of drugs in jail smuggler put the drug on the salt bottle. 

I am choose this webseries to give the idea of our time how they smuggle Afeem called (Barfi) in Carpet and big business of Desi guns (Desi kattee) make people criminal give the money to Police and politian to help them in our time we hear the daily news of drugs and Alcohol in our dry state Gujaraat so this is more relevant to our concept of spirit of time. 

I am choose one movie in the Bollywood the time the cinema was golden period of Hindi cinema because of their Producer choose movie to connect the life of people the age and their events poverty, starvation, criminal how hero become criminal because of situation. Rajesh Khanna was popular and great actor to play this kind of Role and their many movie based on this concept like Roti, Kapda, Makaan, Roti. 

Roti movie:

In the 1970s, heroes had a certain set trajectory in every film, rising from the depths of poverty to make something of their life — what came to be understood as ‘formula’. No one perfected that commercial film formula better than Desai.

Roti‘s protagonist is Mangal. Born in abject poverty, the young boy loses his mother when he is unable to bring his mother ek roti — yes, literally one ‘roti’ could’ve saved her. She dies, leaving behind a son who turns to crime.

But Mangal is a criminal with a difference — unlike other bad guys, he is addicted not to alcohol or other intoxications, but ‘roti’. His relationship with ‘roti’ is complicated though. It doesn’t reach him easily. He always has to fight for it.

Movie review task Vita and Virginia

Thinking Activity on Movie Screening Vita & Virginia

Que. How far do you feel that Orlando is influenced by Vita and Virginia’s love affair? Does it talk only about that or do you find anything else too?

 

Ans. Yes, also their life or we can seen movie also connect idea of modern age woman or woman writer condition, Publication and also in the modern age men or society have old age mentality, homosexuality. 

Que.Who do you think is confused about their identity Vita or Virginia? Explain with illustrations. 

Ans. Vita is more confused about their identity as woman or as human both she having many affairs not only homosexual also with Man she is popular writer have great life but she hunger for pleasure or lust. Vita living with family children but Virginia not haveing children. I can see Vita is more complex character Virginia is difficult to understand as a writer but is difficult to understand as a human. 

Que. What is society’s thought about women and identity? Do you agree with them? If Yes then why? If no then why?

Ans. No I am not agree with woman identity in society thought because we are Living in modern time but as a much modern seen movie Vita's mother also raise question in over mind how woman writer suffered in modern age. Vita's mother taunt Virginia for she is not mother. 

Que. What are your views on Gender Identity? Will you like to give any message to society?

Ans. In my view Gender have no identity not important at all to need identity we are humans and that is over real identity we need to understand. 

Que.Write a note on the direction of the movie. Which symbols and space caught your attention while watching the moive?

Ans. “Vita & Virginia” wastes the talents of four people—its two subjects and the two women that play them. It is a deeply frustrating movie, a film that not only can’t find the right tone from scene to scene but feels disjointed in individual moments too. It is a bit of a chamber piece, a bit of a romance, a bit of a commentary on creativity, a bit of social commentary, even a bit of magical realism. At a certain point, I started to wonder if the disjointed nature of “Vita & Virginia” was designed purposefully to replicate the structure and themes of Woolf’s Orlando, but decided I was giving a messy movie too much credit. Sometimes a mess is just a mess.

I like symbol Virginia Woolf's room and her mental disorder. Novels of that time. 

Que.Vita and Virginia" had to be made into Bollywood Adaptation, who do you think would be fit for the role of Vita and Virginia?

Ans. I don't know which actor can play perfect role as a Vita and Virginia. But recently one webseries comes with name Humans in this webseries two female protagonist both in same profession both are Doctor and married just like Vita and Virginia. Shefali Shah as a Dr. Gauri Nath and Kriti Kulhari as a Dr. Sayara Sabhrwal. 

"The eyes of others our prisons  their thoughts our cages."

                                     #Virginiaandme

    

The setting of 20th century Literature

The Setting of 20th century Literature

The 20th century opened with great hope but also with some apprehension, for the new century marked the final approach to a new millennium. For many, humankind was entering upon an unprecedented era. H.G. Wells’s utopian studies, the aptly titled Anticipations of the Reaction of Mechanical and Scientific Progress upon Human Life and Thought (1901) and A Modern Utopia (1905), both captured and qualified this optimistic mood and gave expression to a common conviction that science and technology would transform the world in the century ahead.

This age is full of experimentation and it is discussed in different genres. The literary canon of 20th and 21st century foregrounds an aesthetic shift which is more transitional; experimental, more anxious, more liberal and self-interrogating too. The lines from Sunita Sinha‟s book mark the spirit of both the centuries: “The two world wars, the social and political upheavals, the consolidation and expansion of multinational capitalism, the emergence of the informational age, the struggle of post-colonial voices after the end of the British Empire and the changing configuration of a new multicultural population have led to a restructuring in the sphere of literary studies.” Presence of a great range of styles, and approaches led the writers to redefine the specific boundaries of literature. 

Highlights of 20th century Literature

In pre-world war era, mostly writers remained loyal to the trends of Victorian age. Darwin‟s Origin of Species (1859) led the world towards mourning over the loss of God. But a change could be noticed with H.G.Well‟s Utopian Study of A Modern Utopia that captured optimistic mood and gave an expression that science and technology would transform the world. Meanwhile, Aesthetic Movement gained popularity due to its being in favour of Catholicism and mysticism. Aesthetes believed in the idea that the art is useless if it is in commitment with the ideas of morality and standard of conduct. For them “art for art‟s sake” has been the motto of the movement. 

Virginia Woolf coined “Stream of Consciousness” to let the readers have a look in the psyche of her characters. This term denotes an endless flow of consciousness and it means that consciousness includes the entire area of mind from illogical, pre-conscious and pre-speech level to rational and conscious speech level, including thoughts, memories, associations and reflections. There are many other terms linked with the stream of consciousness novel like “interior monologues”, 

“stream of thoughts”, all denoting that the subject matter of this kind of novel is the inner psyche of man. „Stream-of-consciousness‟ technique in a novel is better known as expressionistic technique in drama. 

Dystopian Literature

Dystopian literature is a form of speculative fiction that began as a response to utopian literature. A dystopia is an imagined community or society that is dehumanizing and frightening. A dystopia is an antonym of a utopia, which is a perfect society. 

Dystopian novels that have a didactic message often explore themes like anarchism, oppression, and mass poverty. Margaret Atwood, one of literature’s most celebrated authors of dystopian fiction, thinks about it like this: “If you’re interested in writing speculative fiction, one way to generate a plot is to take an idea from current society and move it a little further down the road. Even if humans are short-term thinkers, fiction can anticipate and extrapolate into multiple versions of the future.”

Example:

The Handmaid's Tale is a dystopian novel  by Canadian author Margaret Atwood, published in 1985. It is set in a near-future New England, in a strongly patriarchal, totalitarian theonomic state, known as the Republic of Gilead, which has overthrown the United States government. The central character and narrator is a woman named Offred, one of the group known as "handmaids", who are forcibly assigned to produce children for the "commanders" — the ruling class of men in Gilead.

The novel explores themes of subjugated women in a patriarchal society, loss of female agency and individuality, and the various means by which they resist and attempt to gain individuality and independence. The novel's title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, which is a series of connected stories (such as "The Merchant's Tale" and "The Parson's Tale").It is also an allusion to the tradition of fairy tales where the central character tells their story.

Fantasy Literature

Fantasy literature is literature set in an imaginary universe, often but not always without any locations, events, or people from the real world. Magic, the supernatural and magical creatures are common in many of these imaginary worlds. Fantasy literature may be directed at both children and adults.

Fantasy is a subgenre of speculative fiction and is distinguished from the genres of science fiction and horror by the absence of scientific or macabre themes, respectively, though these genres overlap. Historically, most works of fantasy were written, however, since the 1960s, a growing segment of the fantasy genre has taken the form of films, television programs, graphic novels, video games, music and art.

Lewis’s fantasy oeuvre is dominated by the success of his Chronicles of Narnia, seven volumes aimed at young readers that were published annually from 1950 to 1956. But his novel Till We Have Faces (1956), which transposes the myth of Cupid and Psyche to an ancient barbarian kingdom, is also worth mentioning. In it, Psyche’s older sister, the ugly Orual, vents her wrath at the gods before coming to understand the nature of their presence in all human lives.

 The world of Narnia – which is accessible only to certain children, like the Pevensie siblings in the volumes that were published first – is presented as a shimmering blend of enchanting traditions. Talking animals, creatures from both mythology and folklore, diverse peoples and societies waiting for the sons of Adam and daughters of Eve to bring peace and prosperity back under the rule of the lion Aslan. The seven volumes provide a complete history of Narnia, from the world’s creation, recounted in the next-to-last volume published, The Magician’s Nephew (1955), to its Last Judgment, in The Last Battle (1956).

Sci-fi

Science fiction (sometimes shortened to sci-fi or SF) is a genre of speculative fiction which typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology, space exploration, time travel, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial life. It has been called the "literature of ideas", and it often explores the potential consequences of scientific, social, and technological innovations.

Many books in literature to define science fiction but i would like define with Bollywood movie and one text also, 

Action Replayy is a 2010 Indian Hindi-language science-fiction romantic comedy film directed by Vipul Amrutlal Shah and starring Akshay Kumar and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan. Aditya Roy Kapur, Neha Dhupia, Rannvijay Singh, Om Puri, Kirron Kher and Rajpal Yadav play supporting roles in the film. The plot is inspired by the 1985 film Back to the Future.Director Vipul Amrutlal Shah however insists that it is an adaptation of a Gujarati play of the same name and of H. G. Wells' 1895 novel The Time Machine.

The Time Machine is a science fiction novella by H. G. Wells, published in 1895. The work is generally credited with the popularization of the concept of time travel by using a vehicle or device to travel purposely and selectively forward or backward through time. The term "time machine", coined by Wells, is now almost universally used to refer to such a vehicle or device.

Utilizing a frame story set in then-present Victorian England, Wells' text focuses on a recount of the otherwise anonymous Time Traveller's journey into the far future. A work of future history and speculative evolution, Time Machine is interpreted in modern times as a commentary on the increasing inequality and class divisions of Wells' era, which he projects as giving rise to two separate human species: the fair, childlike Eloi, and the savage, simian Morlocks, distant descendants of the contemporary upper and lower classes respectively. 

T. S. Eliot Thinking Activity

T. S. Eliot: Tradition and Individual Talent

Thomas Stearns Eliot

T.S.Eliot’s “Tradition and Individual Talent” was published in 1919 in The Egoist - the Times Literary supplement. Later, the essay was published in The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism in 1920/2. (Gallup). This essay is described by David Lodge as the most celebrated critical essay in the English of the 20th century. The essay is divided into three main sections:

1. the first gives us Eliot’s concept of tradition;

2. the second exemplifies his theory of depersonalization and poetry. And in

3. the third part he concludes the debate by saying that the poet’s sense of tradition and the impersonality of poetry are complementary things.

Que 1)How would you like to explain Eliot's concept of Tradition? Do you agree with it?

Ans:

In his essay “Tradition and the Individual Talent” Eliot spreads his concept of tradition, which reflects his reaction against romantic subjectivism and emotionalism. He also signifies the importance of the tradition. He opines that tradition gives the reader something new, something arresting, something intellectual and something vital for literary conception.

Tradition, according to Eliot, is that part of living culture inherited from the past and functioning in the formation of the present. Eliot maintains that tradition is bound up with historical sense, which is a perception that the past is not something lost and invalid.

According to Eliot tradition is a living culture which is inherited from the past and also has an important function in forming (shaping) the present. To Eliot tradition is bound up with historical sense of a poet or writer. Historical sense is a perception that past is not something that is lost or invalid. Rather it has a function in the present.

  

 I am agree with Eliot because tradition give as sense of the how the past poet thing , their thoughts and Brilliantness of their society tradition is important function to forming shape the present. 

Que 2)- What do you understand by Historical sense?

 Ans: Historical sense is the sense of the timeless and the temporal, as well as of the timeless and the temporal together. A writer, who has much sense of tradition, is fully conscious of his own generation, of his place in the present, but he is also actually conscious of his relationship with the writers of the past.

          If we know about figures and facts of history we can understand the time in which people are living and their ways of living, we can compare literary things which are changed, which is better, which is not, many things we can develop with historical sense.

There is quote from his essay on historical sense

"The historical sense involves a perception, not only of the pastness of the past, but of its presence"

          It gives a sense of writing timeless and temporal to the writer. Timelessness in the sense that work of art doesn't have its past and present. Temporal means it still exist or present in modern times.

Que 3)What is the relationship between “tradition” and “the individual talent,” according to the poet T. S. Eliot?

Ans: Tradition and Individual talent both helps each other. All new  beginner writer does not have their own style, first they read and try to write related to the reading. Some new writer have individual talent, they read but they gives new style of  his writing with tradition. Tradition and Individual talent are similar or closely related to each other.

William Wordsworth Preface

Thinking activity on Wordsworth's Preface to Lyrical Ballad.

Lyrical Ballads is a collection of poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge. Title of collection recalls rustic form of art. French revolution had deep influence on Romanticist and Wordsworth. Liberty- Equality- Fraternity are three watchword of the  French revolution and inspired Wordsworth and other romantic posts.

Q.1] What is the basic difference between the poetic creed of  'Classicism' and 'Romanticism'?

Classicism is objective and Romanticism is subjective. Classicism follow classical writer like Aristotle, Plato, Virgil. Romantic writer follow imagination. Classicism mostly described city life and Romanticism described rustic life. 

Classicism and Romanticism are artistic movements that have influenced the literature, visual art, music, and architecture of the Western world over many centuries. With its origins in the ancient Greek and Roman societies, Classicism defines beauty as that which demonstrates balance and order. Romanticism developed in the 18th century — partially as a reaction against the ideals of Classicism — and expresses beauty through imagination and powerful emotions. Although the characteristics of these movements are frequently at odds, both schools of thought continued to influence Western art into the 21st century.

The treatment of emotion is one of the primary ways in which Classicism and Romanticism differ. The Romantics placed a higher value on the expression of strong emotion than on technical perfection. Classicists did not shy away from describing emotionally charged scenes, but typically did so in a more distant manner.

Q.2] Why does Wordsworth say 'What" is poet? rather than who is poet ?

William Wordsworth says that he has selected incidents and situations of common life. He describes them by selection of incidents and situations of common life. He describes them by selection of language really used by men. In the past this ordinary life of the ordinary people has never been a subject of poetry. For the first time he democratizes poetry and gives a universal appeal to it. People living in the modern cities are very much artificial and far away from the simplicity of nature.

Wordsworth comments that humble and rustic life holds simplicity, serenity and tranquility. The rustic people express their feelings and emotion through simple, unelaborated and unsophisticated way. Their language is more passionate, more vivid and more emphatic.He says that a poet is more comprehensive, a better human being. Wordsworth says about 'what is poet' rather than 'who is poet'.

Q.3]  What is poetic diction? Which sort of poetic diction is suggested by Wordsworth  in his preface ?

Preface to Lyrical Ballads” is an essay written by William Wordsworth which serves as an important piece of literary criticism. The essay throws powerful insights into the Romantic notions of school of poetry and understand the main ideas and concepts behind it. Wordsworth defended his theory in the essay and hence the essay becomes the bible of the Romanticism.

The poetic diction is the essay as suggested by Wordsworth applies the “real language of men”. He has selected it to communicate and connect it with the other men and common people. He further adds that the selection of the common language can add “vivid sensation” and “pleasure” to the readers as each and every poem has its own “purpose” to share and evoke “pleasure” to the readers.

In addition to this, the selection of such poetic diction to impart the “incidents and situations from common life”. It is only possible for Wordsworth to impart these poetic themes in the poem only with the “real language of men”. He even stated that it will add a “certain colouring of imagination” on the readers so to evoke the ” state of excitement” which the common people share in their everyday lives. The “real language of men” will enable the other men can relate “the manner in which we associate ideas in a state of excitement”.

Dryden task

Dryden task

2) If you are supposed to give your personal predilection, would you be on the side of the Ancient or the Modern? Please give reasons.

Upcoming generation is watching scenario from the shoulder of old generation and that's the way they can watch the far than the ancient.It is also true that moderns times imitate things from ancient, but not whole things they imitate. Things are updated with lots of new ideas with knowledge and creation.

Ancient have great knowledge of life but not all times because people and knowledge are keeps on changing. Modern have great knowledge and also lots of things are in the modern generation. 

3) Do you think that the arguments presented in favor of the French plays and against English plays are appropriate?

Some arguments presented in favor of the French plays by Lisideius against English plays are appropriate to some extent.

French Drama follow the Unities of time, place and Action. Action by not adding any confusing sub-plot. Lisideius comparer's Shakespeare history plays and saying that 'They are rather so many chronicles of kings. '

English plays are not follows the time, place and Action. Attempts to use long period of time. Action all kinds of sub plots which destroy the unity of action. English are best because of the lively imitation of nature. 

- Some good points about English plays are very lively by nature, it has plot subplots which we do not find in French plays, It makes play interesting. French plays are like lifeless and don't have subplots as well. We can note narrowness of imagination, smallness, too little action in the French play that’s why I found the English play more appropriate.

4) What would be your preference so far as poetic or prosaic dialogues are concerned in the play?

I like poetry it's representing psychological humans nature better way but as a understanding of play is bit difficult as a reader. I like most dialogue and some characters dialogue are influence us. 

Thinking Activity: Worksheet: Aristotle's Poetics

Thinking Activity: Worksheet: Aristotle's Poetics

How far do you agree with Plato’s objection to freedom of expression and artistic liberty enjoyed by creative writers? Name the texts (novels, plays, poems, movies, TV soaps etc which can be rightfully objected and banned with reference to Plato’s objections)

Yes I am agree with Plato's objection to freedom of expression and artistic liberty enjoyed by creative writers.Freedom of expression is more important for creative writers.If we want to live freedom of life then we should follow Aristotle's views, But plato is right because there are so many T.V. Serial,movie are creating bad impressions in our mind and society.

There are some T. V serial, commercial advertisements are exaggerations of the actual products, they should be rightfully objected as for instance ads of various fairness creams like ‘only those people who use this product possessed real talents so rest shall also start to use that product.’ The real nonsense act is presented to fool the audiences.

Another example, in which the advertisement is of a sanitary napkin that a woman shoot as a journalist and the credit is given to sanitary napkin instead of that girl’s hard work and determined attitude.

Some advertisements fail to convey any logic. They go against the concept of Plato who says that the poet or artist should exercise his genius only on things really worthy of depiction. For instance, the advertisement of Fogg perfume where forcefully without any the rational idea it is conveyed “Aaj Kal Fogg chal Raha hai. "

Q. With reference to the literary texts you have studied during B.A. programme, write a brief note on the texts which followed Aristotelian literary tradition.

Arthur Miller’s “All my sons” is one of the texts which, in some ways, follow a tradition of the Aristotelian Tragedy as the tragic hero of the play; Joe Keller undergoes every major characteristic that a tragic hero of Aristotle faces.

Joe Keller fits in the frames of Aristotle’s concept a tragic hero- he is true to life, is consistent in his thoughts and actions, and is neither an outright saint nor a wicked criminal but a representative of normal human beings.

Another illustration is ‘Othello’- a tragedy of an ideal situation where a rather good man meets a terrible end. The hero is a moor with a higher rank, and speaks acts and does in a very probable way which gives the necessary outcome of his character. 

Othello is a man of action; his tragic flaw is extreme jealousy. It is this jealousy that leads to his catastrophic downfall. The villainous deeds of Iago and his constant poisoning of Othello’s ears with monstrous jealousy serve as a medium for murdering his own wife.Othello’s cruel act of murdering Desdemona arouses pity and fear in reader/spectator’s and causes catharsis in such a way that a group of emotions is disturbed.

With reference to the literary texts you have studied during B.A. programme, write brief note on the texts which did NOT follow Aristotelian literary tradition. (i.e. his concept of tragedy, catharsis, tragic hero with hamartia, etc.)

The text which did not follow the Aristotelian literary tradition is ‘The Hairy Ape’ as it does not have a hero of a higher rank; the tragedy is of a layman who suffers from a sense of belonging in the modern world.

According to Aristotle, a tragic hero must suffer because of an error of judgment and this fatal flaw leads to his downfall which causes catharsis.

The play ‘The Hairy Ape’ presents an antihero- Yank, an ideal stoker. He does not have any tragic flaw but he faces conflict with his surroundings and his insult by a wealthy lady Mildred Douglas turns Yank avenge upon her. He feels alienated and an outsider, especially when he is compared with an ape and he is called a ‘hairy ape’. He is constantly reminded that he ‘does not belong’. The subtitle ‘A comedy of Ancient and Modern World’ is a satirical title by Eugene O’Neill which fails to arouse pity and fear and thus catharsis is not as effective as the Aristotelian Tragedy. So it can be considered that “The Hairy Ape” does not follow Aristotelian literary tradition.